Nov 01, 2006 the applicability of biomonitoring data for perfluorooctanesulfonate to the environmental public health continuum. Biomonitoring data are now widely used in studies of health outcomes to identify or understand potential relationships between exposure and responses. Summary human biomonitoring for environmental chemicals. Developing advanced tools for exposure assessment and biomonitoring. Human exposure to environmental chemicals can occur from multiple sources, such as air, water, soil, food and consumer products. Human biomonitoring allows us to measure our exposure to chemicals by measuring either the substances themselves, their metabolites or markers of subsequent health effects in body fluids or tissues. This will increase trust of the consumer in safety regulation of pesticides. We present a case study using diethyl phthalate and di2ethylhexyl phthalate as examples to illustrate scientific approaches and their limitations, identify data gaps, and outline research needs for using biomonitoring data in the context of human health risk assessment, with an emphasis on exposure and dose. Contemporary issues in exposure assessment using biomonitoring. The second report, released in january 2003, presented biomonitoring exposure data for 116 environmental chemicals including the 27 in the first report for the u. Oct 04, 2016 fourth report 2009 cdc pdf pdf 530 pages summarizes cdcs national health and nutrition examination survey nhanes biomonitoring data from 19992004. A survey of risk assessment practitioners on the extent to which biomarkers are used in risk assessment concluded that the absence of chemicalspecific data for example, toxicologic and epidemiologic data was the primary limitation in using exposure biomarkers in risk assessment maier et al. Nov 01, 2006 although the availability of human biomonitoring data for many chemicals can greatly reduce the uncertainty associated with the use of external exposure estimates in risk assessment, experience and guidance are needed to integrate the use of biomonitoring data into the risk assessment process.
For clarity here are the definitions of three major concepts. Learn where chemicals are found and ways to reduce exposure. Exa 408 interpreting biomonitoring data and using pharmacokinetic modeling in exposure assessment widespread acceptance and use of the cdcs national health and nutritional examination survey nhanes database, which, among other things, reports measured concentrations of environmental contaminants in blood and urine, has led to an expanded understanding of general population exposures in. Background and framing of results communication and reportback issues. Internal dose based exposure and response assessment. Information on human exposure can then be linked to data on sources and epidemiological surveys, in order to inform research on the exposure. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment. Pdf the role of human biological monitoring in health risk. The datarich chemical benzene was selected for use in a case study to assess whether refinement of the common criteria framework was necessary, and to. The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. Oecd 2018, considerations for assessing the risks of combined exposure to multiple chemicals, series on testing and assessment no. The data are analyzed separately by age, sex and raceethnicity groups.
Integrated assessment of exposome across life stages. The application of human biomonitoring data for exposure assessment and risk characterisation has attracted major interest in recent years stamand et al. This task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a contract between the european food safety authority and the authors, awarded following a tender procedure. Exposure assessment is a critical component of exposure science. It also presents firsttime exposure information for 75 of the 212 chemicals included in the report. Mar 01, 20 biomonitoring data often reflect multiple exposure routes and pathways that may or may not correspond to the exposure routes assumed in the underlying risk assessment, and the data reflect concentrations at a point in time that may be more or less representative of long term average concentrations, depending upon the chemical and exposure pathways.
Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk. Cpsc staff statement on the tbb, tbph, tbbpa, ato the. Fourth report 2009 cdc pdf pdf 530 pages summarizes cdcs national health and nutrition examination survey nhanes biomonitoring data from 19992004. Hbm is the only available tool that integrates exposures from all sources and provides data to. Mar 08, 2017 the present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. Biomonitoring an exposure science tool for exposure and. Use of biomonitoring data in conjunction with other appropriate health and environmental. Biomonitoring equivalents can be used for evaluation of biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context. While this talk concentrates on biomarkers and human biomonitoring, it is notable that it is. Human exposure assessment to environmental chemicals.
The exposure assessment section supports study design, exposure assessment, sample collection, epidemiology, and health communication for biomonitoring california. Despite the existence of human biomonitoring programmes at national level and the large number of research and development projects ongoing both at national and european union level, there is a clear lack of data on aggregate exposure to single substances and to combinations of chemical substances, as well as insufficient evidencebased. The potential for the formation of a reactive metabolite at high exposures as noted above suggests that more than one biomarker could be measured. Integration of biomonitoring data into risk assessment sciencedirect. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the authority is subject. Data can be compared over time to evaluate whether exposures are increasing, decreasing, or staying about the same. Other factors to be considered when interpreting biomonitoring data include toxicologic factors, such as validity of the toxicologic or epidemiologic study, toxicokinetic considerations, adequacy of the sample size, reproducibility of the sample, and presence of confounding elements, and exposure factors, such as time since last exposure. Guidance for the interpretation of biomonitoring data b. Alternatively, if the biomonitoring data are to be used to understand health effects, considerably more information would be needed. See ipcs, 2004 glossary of key exposure assessment terminology pdf 122 pp, 951 k, about pdf. In this document, an updated sourcetooutcome continuum is presented to better.
Population exposure assessment approaches and tools for health. Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk assessment process. The evaluation on the usefulness of hbm for exposure assessment of. National biomonitoring program new and improved, highquality biomonitoring methods for priority environmental chemicals. However, the complexities of exposure biomarker and biomarkerresponse relationships have limited the use of biomarkers in exposure science studies. Statebased biomonitoring programs and nhanes exposure. Harmonizing analytical chemistry and clinical epidemiology. However, depending on the intended use, biomonitoring, like all exposure tools, may not be a standalone exposure assessment tool for some. The role of human biomonitoring in assessing and managing. To use biomonitoring for risk assessment, some epidemiological information supporting the link between human exposures and human health outcomes needs to be available, as well as.
Human biomonitoring data collection from occupational. Guidance for biomonitoring programs 3 preamble public health professionals, policy makers and the public are increasingly concerned about human exposure to chemicals in our environment. Ideally, it describes the sources, routes, pathways, and uncertainty in the assessment. Moreover, the advantages and limitations of human biomonitoring. Uses of human biomonitoring data in risk assessment canada. Human biomonitoring study results are published as reports text pdf together with background information about the chemical analytes. For assessing risk to a population, in addition to the exposure assessment data that biomonitoring may provide, additional information including sources and pathways of exposure and toxicology are needed. Biomonitoring data can be compared to be values to provide perspective as to whether the measured exposures are well below, near, or above healthbased exposure guidance values. Assessment of chemical coexposure patterns based upon phthalate biomonitoring data within the 20072008 national health and nutrition examination survey. The biomonitoring data are available as part of the nhanes dataset, which can be obtained from cdc. Theres no a specific guideline that describes the use of hbm data.
The utility of toxicokinetic data and models for interpreting biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context has led to the development of the concept of biomonitoring equivalents bes, which are estimates of the biomarker concentrations consistent with risk assessment based exposure guidance values 8, 14, 36. Integration of omics and hts data, individual genetic susceptibility. Biomonitoring programmes are useful for investigating human exposure to environmental chemicals. Human biomonitoring can be an effective tool for assessing exposure to a variety of chemicals. Biomonitoring is the assessment of individual and population exposures to environmental contaminants by measuring the concentration of chemicals and or their metabolites in human specimens, such. In this document, an updated sourcetooutcome continuum is presented to better define biomarkers as. The availability of biomonitoring data in humans and rodents after dietary consumptionlowdose exposure would greatly facilitate the integration of biomonitoring data into the risk assessment. Few chemicals are in that data rich category lead and mercury are two. Data from within a given study can be assessed in this context. However, human biomonitoring as a tool for occupational exposure assessment related to. This would enable monitoring of the effectiveness of the legally binding international agreement on mercury, the minamata convention, as well as related parma commitments. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessments. Jul 12, 2007 exposure assessment is a critical component of exposure science. Cdc national biomonitoring program usa is part of the national environmental public health tracking program.
Biomarker data, gathered through biomonitoring, can strengthen exposure assessment. Comments from the natural resources defense council re. It is the process of estimating an external exposure to a chemical that is consistent with and based. Exposure to phthalates is considered to be potentially harmful to human health as well. Estimated phthalate exposure and risk to women of reproductive age as assessed using 202014 nhanes biomonitoring data federal register vol. Exa 408 interpreting biomonitoring data and using pharmacokinetic modeling in exposure assessment widespread acceptance and use of the cdcs national health and nutritional examination survey nhanes database, which, among other things, reports measured concentrations of environmental contaminants in blood and urine, has led to an expanded. Exposure values are not predefined, or outlined for risk assessment. In addition, biomonitoring data generated from outside canada may also be used. Human biomonitoring as an instrument for assessment of exposure to mercury at the meeting of representatives of the european member states health sector involvement in the implementation of the minamata convention 2425 june 2015, bonn, germany 6. Assessing exposure to phthalates the human biomonitoring.
Exposure and risk assessment to arsenic species in spanish. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to. Rate exposure assessment modules exa 408, exa 409 science. Among the techniques that can be used for exposure assessment, biomonitoring is increasingly becoming one of the most popular choices.
Pdf the use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human. Interpreting biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context. Exposure reconstruction is illustrated by the dark blue arrows in the figure. Use of the pbpk model coupled with typical exposure scenarios provides the strongest scientific foundation for chlorpyrifos human health risk assessment and is the approach used in this 2016 assessment. As biomonitoring data integrates all routes inhalation, dermal and oral and sources of exposure i. Data were obtained from assessments of the flame retardants prepared by united states u. The report recognized the value of biomonitoring for better understanding exposure to environmental chemicals, and included several findings and recommendations to improve the utility of biomonitoring data for health risk assessment. Guidance for the interpretation of biomonitoring data. Based on a comprehensive literature research, we present an overview of the sources of human phthalate exposure and results of exposure assessments with special focus on human biomonitoring data. Data analysis surveillance distribution across demographics comparison between regions comparison with nhanes exposure assessment based on exposure survey data identification of important sources of exposure e. Biomonitoring california program update and priorities. Howto guide for visualizing data from the national report on human exposure to. Assessment of chemical coexposure patterns based upon.
One of these programmes, the national health and nutrition examination survey nhanes, conducted annually in the united states by the centers for disease control and prevention cdc is designed to collect data on the health and nutritional status of the non. Parks will establish a comprehensive program of worker exposure assessment using qualified industrial hygienists and park employees who have been trained as workplace monitors. Evaluation of biomonitoring data from the cdc national. Exposure information department of toxic substances control. Biomonitoringbased indicators of exposure to chemical. Review of the state of the art of human biomonitoring for. In environmental epidemiology, use of biomonitoring i. Increasing focus on subtle biological alterations, population risks. Strength and limitation of hbm in risk exposure assessment. Biomonitoring is one tool for exposure assessment integrates sourcesroutes of exposure trace vs environmental levels requires complex analytical methods many analytes can be measured, but not all analytes are good exposure biomarkers interpretation of biomonitoring data selection of appropriate biomarkers.
Uses of human biomonitoring data in risk assessment. The use of human biomonitoring data in a risk assessment is feasible if it is determined that a biomarker of exposure is specific and sensitive, such that concentrations measured reflect exposure to the substance of interest. We discuss some factors relevant for interpreting and understanding biomonitoring data, including selection of both biomarkers of exposure and human matrices, and toxicokinetic information. Guidance is also provided on presenting the results of the exposure assessment and characterizing uncertainty. Biomonitoring is the assessment of human exposure to chemicals by. Acropolis contributes to the development of a methodology to ensure that the missing aspects in the risk assessment of pesticides can be addressed in future risk management. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human. Biomonitoring studies of environmental stressors are useful for confirming exposures, estimating dose levels, and evaluating human health risks. Measurements by the national biomonitoring program are used to improve the detection, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease, injury, and harmful exposures in populations.
Biomonitoring for environmental chemicals in human biological media has become an indispensible feature of the chemical risk assessment landscape. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health. Human biomonitoring data collection from occupational exposure to. While personal care products, food packaging and other consumer conveniences have improved some. Although the availability of human biomonitoring data for many chemicals can greatly reduce the uncertainty associated with the use of external exposure estimates in risk assessment, experience and guidance are needed to integrate the use of biomonitoring data into the risk assessment process. Comparing biomonitoring data for a chemical with its biomonitoring equivalent provides a means for assessing whether population exposures to chemicals are within or above the levels considered safe by regulatory agencies. Data on exposure to multiple chemicals within and between chemical classes can be assessed to. Exposure assessment is the process of estimating or measuring the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure to an agent, along with the number and characteristics of the population exposed. Exposure assessment tools by approaches epa expobox a.
Highquality biomonitoring measurements in more than 65 studies per year to determine safe and harmful human exposure. The importance of study design and sampling protocols from inception of an exposure assessment study cannot be overstated, not only for ensuring accurate data is produced, but also for prospective studies that recognize how analytical capacity and. Harmonizing analytical chemistry and clinical epidemiology for human biomonitoring studies. Hbm can be applied to the different steps of risk assessment, but its obvious core role lies within human exposure assessment. Reports to the legislature senate bill sb 79 requires the program to submit a. Integration of biomonitoring data into risk assessment. Apr 26, 2006 other factors to be considered when interpreting biomonitoring data include toxicologic factors, such as validity of the toxicologic or epidemiologic study, toxicokinetic considerations, adequacy of the sample size, reproducibility of the sample, and presence of confounding elements, and exposure factors, such as time since last exposure. Biomonitoringbased indicators of exposure to chemical pollutants. Risk assessments that combine data from animal toxicology and human exposure assessment studies can also be used to interpret biomonitoring data. Chemicals in the second national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals lead. National research council published a report, human biomonitoring for environmental chemicals. Although exposure biomarkers should reflect a persons exposure to the target chemicals or their precursors within a specific timeframe, timing. Development of biomonitoring based epidemiologic, toxicologic, and exposure assessment methods to enhance public health surveillance and the scientific communitys ability to interpret the risks posed by exposure to environmental chemicals.
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